Abstract

Citrus species are well recognized for their wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, anticancer, cardiovascular, and renal-protective effects. The objective of this review is to systematically compile and demonstrate the various analytical approaches used to identify and quantify phytochemicals in citrus species. Modern analytical techniques such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and infrared spectroscopy have been explored, alongside classical extraction methods including Soxhlet, maceration, and steam distillation, as well as newer techniques like solvent-free microwave extraction and pressurized liquid extraction. Specific citrus species — Citrus hystrix, Citrus aurantifolia, and Citrus microcarpa and their bioactive constituents are discussed in relation to their pharmacological effects. This review aims to guide future research by providing insights into suitable analytical strategies and highlighting the need for standardization in citrus phytochemical analysis.

Keywords: citrus species, phytochemicals, flavonoids, extraction methods, analytical techniques

Article language: En